Which of the following is NOT an abiotic (non-living) causal agent?

The presence of fungi as a choice represents a biotic factor rather than an abiotic one. Biotic factors are living organisms that can affect the environments and ecosystems, such as plants, animals, and microbes like fungi. They play a significant role in ecological processes, including decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, abiotic factors are non-living components that influence the environment, such as temperature extremes, nutrient deficiencies, and air pollutants. These elements can impact living organisms, but they themselves do not have life.

Temperature extremes can stress plants and animals, nutrient deficiencies can lead to poor growth and health in organisms, and air pollutants can pose serious risks to both biotic and abiotic elements in an ecosystem. Understanding the distinction between biotic and abiotic factors is crucial for managing ecosystems, agricultural practices, and pest control strategies.